Weekly Feasts: Sabbath (Lev 23:1-4)
Spring Feasts: 1) Passover, 2) Unleavened Bread, 3) Firstfruits
Early Summer Feast: 4) Pentecost
Fall Feasts: 5) Trumpets, 6) Atonement,
7) Tabernacles
Monthly Feast: 8) New Moon. To explore the various kinds of sacrifices detailed in these feasts see Levitical Offerings and Sacrifices.
The Spring, Early Summer, Fall and Monthly Feasts (Festivals) of ancient Israel were more than mere ceremonies designed to meet the immediate religious needs of the people. They were divinely designed prefigurations (types) of the unfolding of the plan of salvation. The Spring Feasts of Passover, Firstfruits, Unleavened Bread, and Pentecost typify the inauguration of Christ's redemptive ministry and the Fall Feasts of Trumpets, Atonement, and Tabernacles represent the consummation of His redemptive ministry. The Spring Feasts are fulfilled in Christ Jesus who was crucified on Passover day, buried as Unleavened Bread, raised to be the First Fruits and started his church at Pentecost. "God's calendar is based on the phases of the moon. Each month in a lunar calendar begins with a new moon. Pesach falls on the first full moon of Spring. The first three Spring Feasts, Pesach, Unleavened Bread and First Fruits fall in March and April. The fourth one, Shavu'ot, marked the summer harvest and occurs in late May or early June. The last three Fall Feasts, Trumpets, Yom Kippur and Sukkot happen in September and October." The New Moon feasts pointed to the renewal of the Mosiac Law Covenant. And the weekly Sabbath feasts pointed to the physical and spiritual rest and relationship God gave them through the Mosiac Law Covenant. [See: Leviticus chpt 23, The Jewish Holidays, The Jewish Holidays - Feasts of the LORD, God's Festivals In Scripture And History, Volume I: The Spring Festivals and God's Festivals In Scripture And History, Volume II: The Fall Festivals]
Weekly Feast:
The very first feast given was the weekly Sabbath feast of rest and relationship building. "And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, Concerning the feasts of the Lord, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, even these are my feasts. Six days shall work be done: but the seventh day is the sabbath of rest, an holy convocation; ye shall do no work therein: it is the sabbath of the Lord in all your dwellings." (Lev 23:1-4) The weekly Sabbath feasts pointed to both physical and spiritual rest and the unique relationship God gave them through the Mosiac Law Covenant. By fulfilling these feasts of worship (Lev 19:30) and their duties and obligations under the Mosiac Law God promised to give to Israel a myriad of blessings, a life of shalom—wholeness and well-being in many elements: spiritual, mental, moral, financial, relational, security, joy, health, productivity, worship. Compare Exodus 31:13 and Ezekiel 20:12, 19-20 with Isaiah 1:12-14; Ezekiel 20:21-24 and Hosea 2:11. These blessings are numerous and profuse!
"I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live." (Deut 30:19); "And I am come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing with milk and honey; unto the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites." (Exo 3:8); "And they spake unto all the company of the children of Israel, saying, The land, which we passed through to search it, is an exceeding good land. If the Lord delight in us, then he will bring us into this land, and give it us; a land which floweth with milk and honey." (Num 14:7-8); "And it shall be, when the Lord thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not, And houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and be full" (Deut 6:10-11); "Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the Lord thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers: And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee. Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among you, or among your cattle. And the Lord will take away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate thee." (Deut 7:12-15); "Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the Lord thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him. For the Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey; A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass. When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the Lord thy God for the good land which he hath given thee." (Deut 8:6-10) These blessings include: release from bondage in Egypt (Exo 13:3); protection from Pharaoh's army (Exo 14:14-28); statutes and judgments and laws (Lev 26:46); beneficial land (Exo 13:5; Deut 4:38; 8:10; 19:8); health and well-being, protection from disease and plagues (Exo 15:26; Deut 7:13-15); protection during 3 annual feasts (Exo 34:23-24); prepared dwellings, vineyards, trees in which to dwell (Deut 20:16; Josh 24:13); financial well-being (Deut 28:3-6, 11); healthy gestation for man and livestock, numerous children (Exo 23:26; Deut 28:11); long lives (Exo 23:26; Lev 19:32); early and latter rains (Lev 26:4; Deut 11:14); lender to others (Deut 28:12); relationship with God, response to prayer (Exo 22:27; Deut 4:7); esteemed by other nations and peoples (Deut 26:19; 28:10, 13); drive out enemies from the land by bee and hornet (Exo 23:28-31); victory over enemies (Exo 23:27; Deut 4:38; 7:24; 11:25; 28:7; Josh 23:9); abundant fruitfulness and privilege (Deut 28:1-13); Deut 1:11; 7:13; et cetera.
Mandatory Assembly Feasts:
"Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before the Lord God." (Exo 23:17); "Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the Lord thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the Lord empty." (Deut 16:16); "And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, Concerning the feasts of the Lord, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, even these are my feasts. Six days shall work be done: but the seventh day is the sabbath of rest, an holy convocation; ye shall do no work therein: it is the sabbath of the Lord in all your dwellings. These are the feasts of the Lord, even holy convocations, which ye shall proclaim in their seasons." (Lev 23:1-4; 23:1-44) —|— "Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days: Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body [the substance] is of [about] Christ." (Col 2:16-17)
Convocations days: There are seven (7) special Holy Convocation days throughout the year, plus all weekly Sabbath days are holy convocations.* Feast of: Passover - 1st & 7th days, (Exo 12:16; Lev 23:4-8; Num 28:16-25); Pentecost - 50th day, (Num 28:26-31; Lev 23:9-22); Trumpets, (Lev 23:23-25; Num 29:1-6); Atonement Day (Lev 23:26-33; Num 29:7-11); Tabernacles - 1st & 8th days, (Lev 23:34-38; Num 29:12-40); Sabbath days - weekly (Exo 20:9-11; 31:15; 35:2; *Lev 23:3; Deut 5:13-15) [See: Levitical Sacrifices]
Spring Feasts:
1) Feast of Passover: [(Pesach) - Nisan 14-15] This feast (Exo 12:1-27, 21-24 especially) pointed to Christ Jesus as "the lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world" (John 1:29 and Heb 9:26; 1 John 2:2). "Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: And if the household be too little for the lamb, let him and his neighbour next unto his house take it according to the number of the souls; every man according to his eating shall make your count for the lamb. Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male of the first year: ye shall take it out from the sheep, or from the goats: And ye shall keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening." (Exo 12:3-6); "And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the bason, and strike the lintel and the two side posts with the blood that is in the bason; and none of you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning." (Exo 12:22, 7); "That ye shall say, It is the sacrifice of the Lord's passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when he smote the Egyptians, and delivered our houses. And the people bowed the head and worshipped." (Exo 12:27) The Feast of Passover is the Feast of Salvation commemorating the blood of the Lamb which delivers from slavery: the Jew from Egypt, the Christian from sin. (This is immediately followed by the Feast of Unleavened Bread.) The festival year begins with Passover on "the fourteenth day of the first month" (Nisan 15). "In the fourteenth day of the first month at even is the Lord's passover." (Lev 23:5); "Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the Lord thy God: for in the month of Abib the Lord thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night." (Deut 16:1) (See: Deut 16:1-7, 16; 2 Chr 30:12-20); "Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leaven; neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the passover be left unto the morning." (Exo 34:25); "And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, that they should keep the passover. And they kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month at even in the wilderness of Sinai: according to all that the Lord commanded Moses, so did the children of Israel." (Num 9:4-5) —|— "Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went unto the chief priests, And said unto them, What will ye give me, and I will deliver him unto you? And they covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. And from that time he sought opportunity to betray him. Now the first day of the feast of unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for thee to eat the passover? And he said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples. And the disciples did as Jesus had appointed them; and they made ready the passover." (Matt 26:14-19); "After two days was the feast of the passover, and of unleavened bread: and the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death." (Mark 14:1); "Now the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the Passover. And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him; for they feared the people. Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve." (Luke 22:1-3); "Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life." (Rom 6:4); "Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us. Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth." (1 Cor 5:7-8) [See: Horns; Joshua (the High Priest); Lamb; Law Covenant; Messenger of the Covenant; Moses; Passover (original); Sarah]
2) Feast of Unleavened Bread: [(Chag Hamotzi) - Nisan 15-21] Since yeast or leaven in the Bible symbolized sin and evil, the unleavened bread symbolized the perfections of Christ Jesus who was just laid into the tomb, as a perfect sacrifice ([Isa 53:5]; Heb 4:15; 7:26; 1 John 3:5). The period of eating unleavened bread pointed to a holy period or "walking in holiness" with the Lord. The second feast begins on the next night after Passover. "And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread unto the Lord: seven days ye must eat unleavened bread." (Lev 23:6); "Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses: for whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel. ... And ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread; for in this selfsame day have I brought your armies out of the land of Egypt: therefore shall ye observe this day in your generations by an ordinance for ever. In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day of the month at even." (Exo 12:15, 17-18); "Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, and in the seventh day shall be a feast to the Lord." (Exo 13:6); "Thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread: (thou shalt eat unleavened bread seven days, as I commanded thee, in the time appointed of the month Abib; for in it thou camest out from Egypt: and none shall appear before me empty:)" (Exo 23:15); "The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt." (Exo 34:18); "And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread unto the Lord: seven days ye must eat unleavened bread." (Lev 23:6); "And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten. In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein: But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the Lord; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish: And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram; A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs: And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you. Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning, which is for a continual burnt offering. After this manner ye shall offer daily, throughout the seven days, the meat of the sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the Lord: it shall be offered beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work." (Num 28:17-25); "Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life. ... Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the Lord thy God: thou shalt do no work therein. ... Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the Lord thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the Lord empty." (Deut 16:3, 8, 16); "Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days, and in the beginnings of your months, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings; that they may be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the Lord your God." (Num 10:10; "In the first month, in the fourteenth day of the month, ye shall have the passover, a feast of seven days; unleavened bread shall be eaten." (Eze 45:21) —|— "After two days was the feast of the passover, and of unleavened bread: and the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death." (Mark 14:1); "Now the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the Passover. And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him; for they feared the people. Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve." (Luke 22:1-3) The unleavened bread pointed to the purity and sinlessness of Christ Jesus (John 8:46; 2 Cor 5:21; 1 Pet 1:19; Heb 9:14). "And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body." (Matt 26:26); "And as they did eat, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake it, and gave to them, and said, Take, eat: this is my body." (Mark 14:22); "Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life." (Rom 6:4); "Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us. Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth." (1 Cor 5:7-8); "And when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat: this is my body, which is broken for you: this do in remembrance of me. After the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped, saying, this cup is the new testament in my blood: this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me. For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord's death till he come. Wherefore whosoever shall eat this bread, and drink this cup of the Lord, unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord." (1 Cor 11:24-27)
Why should there be a holy convocation or sabbath on exactly the fifteenth day of the month (Lev 23:6, 34, 39; Num 28:17, 29:12)? The new moon (i.e. no moon visible on a clear night) started on the first of the month. By the fifteenth the moon was full and brightly reflecting the light of the sun (i.e. pointing to "the Son of righteousness", Mal 4:2; Isa 32:1; 60:19-20; John 1:4-7; 3:20; 8:12; 9:5; 11:9; 12:35-36; 2 Cor 4:4-6; 1 Jn 1:7; Rev 21:23-24). The moon light allowed for the night time journey out of Egypt (Num 33:3) proceeding from the darkness of Egypt into the light of God's word (Exo 3:12; 13:21; 14:20; 18:1, 8-10; Psa 78:14; Neh 9:12, 19; 2 Cor 4:4-6; 1 Thes 5:5; 2 Pet 1:19). [See: Lamb; Burnt offering; Meal offering; Drink offering; Passover; Sin offering Manna; Leaven; Unleavened Bread]
3) Feast of Firstfruits: [(Yom habikkurim, Hag HaBikkurim) - Nisan 16-17] This feast anticipates and celebrates the resurrection of Christ Jesus our Lord as the very first of the First Fruits from the dead and pointed to the gathering [i.e. the early influx of the Jews into the church of Christ (Rom 11:16) with many more Gentiles to follow] and the resurrection of the entire Church (1 Cor 15:20, 23). "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, Speak to the people of Israel and say to them, When you come into the land that I give you and reap its harvest, you shall bring the sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest to the priest, and he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord, so that you may be accepted. On the day after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it.* And on the day when you wave the sheaf, you shall offer a male lamb a year old without blemish as a burnt offering to the Lord. And the meat offering thereof shall be two tenth deals of fine flour mingled with oil, an offering made by fire unto the Lord for a sweet savour: and the drink offering thereof shall be of wine, the fourth part of an hin. And ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn, nor green ears, until the selfsame day that ye have brought an offering unto your God: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings." (Lev 23:9-14); " ... And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram caught in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his son." (Genesis 22:6-13); "I have set the LORD always before me: because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved. Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also shall rest in hope. For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fulness of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore." (Psa 16:8-11); "But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he shall receive me. Selah." (Psa 49:15); "Thou hast ascended on high, thou hast led captivity captive: thou hast received gifts for men; yea, for the rebellious also, that the LORD God might dwell among them." (Psa 68:18); "The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. The LORD shall send the rod of thy strength out of Zion: rule thou in the midst of thine enemies." (Psa 110:1-2); "Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights. ... 2:10 And the LORD spake unto the fish, and it vomited out Jonah upon the dry land." (Jonah 1:17 & 2:10) —|— "For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren." (Rom 8:29); "But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept. For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive. But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's at his coming." (1 Cor 15:20-23); "Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature. ... And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence." (Col 1:15, 18); "And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood." (Rev 1:5); "And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive." (Rev 2:8) [ * Friday-Crucifixtion, Saturday-Sabbath, Sunday-resurrection on the day of Feast of Firstfruits; See: Lamb; Burnt offering; Meal offering; Drink offering; Passover; Firstborn; Levites; O.T. Scriptures foretelling His resurrection; N.T. Scriptures foretelling His resurrection; Messiah as the Beginning of the Harvest]
Early Summer Feast:
4) Feast of Weeks or Pentecost: [(Shavu'ot) - Sivan 6-7] The Feast of Pentecost celebrated fifty days after Passover as the grain harvest ingathering is seen as a type of the ingathering of God's people, consisting not only of Jews but of "all that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call to Him (Acts 2:39). "And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat (meal) offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord. And ye shall offer with the bread seven lambs without blemish of the first year, and one young bullock, and two rams: they shall be for a burnt offering unto the Lord, with their meat (meal) offering, and their drink offerings, even an offering made by fire, of sweet savour unto the Lord. Then ye shall sacrifice one kid of the goats for a sin offering, and two lambs of the first year for a sacrifice of peace offerings. And the priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits for a wave offering before the Lord, with the two lambs: they shall be holy to the Lord for the priest. And ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an holy convocation unto you: ye shall do no servile work therein: it shall be a statute for ever in all your dwellings throughout your generations." (Lev 23:15-21); "Also in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meat [grain] offering unto the Lord, after your weeks be out, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work: But ye shall offer the burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the Lord; two young bullocks, one ram, seven lambs of the first year; And their meat offering of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two tenth deals unto one ram, A several tenth deal unto one lamb, throughout the seven lambs; And one kid of the goats, to make an atonement for you." (Num 28:26-30); "Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn. And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the Lord thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the Lord thy God, according as the Lord thy God hath blessed thee: And thou shalt rejoice before the Lord thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the Lord thy God hath chosen to place his name there." (Deut 16:8-11) Leviticus 23:17 required two loaves of bread, baked with leaven to be offered, saying, "they are the firstfruits unto the Lord." —|— This is the church brought out from bondage to sin through the prior sacrifice and resurrection of Christ Jesus. (See: Feast of Firstfruits.) The church is brought into existence through the receipt of the Holy Spirit beginning at Pentecost. "And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance." (Acts 2:1-4); "For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit." (1 Cor 12:13); "For through him we both have access by one Spirit unto the Father." (Eph 2:18); "And I looked, and, lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion, and with him an hundred forty and four thousand, having his Father's name written in their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps: And they sung as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no man could learn that song but the hundred and forty and four thousand, which were redeemed from the earth. These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb. And in their mouth was found no guile: for they are without fault before the throne of God." (Rev 14:1-5) [See: Burnt offering; Meal offering; Drink offering; Sin offering; Peace offering; Hagar; Horns; Ishmael; Joshua (the High Priest); Lamb; Law Covenant; Messenger of the Covenant; Moses; Passover (original); Sarah; Trumpet; Wave Loaves; Wave offering]
Fall Feasts:
5) Feast of Trumpets: [(Yom Teru'ah, Rosh Hashanah) - Tishri 1] is the beginning of ten days of judgment. The first use of the word "trumpet" is in reference to the call to assemble Israel at Mount Sinai where God gave to them proclamations." Implied in all of the proclamations of God at Mount Sinai, through Moses to the people, by the prophets, by John the Baptist, by Christ Jesus, and through the Apostles is the speaking of "truth" that men must hear, know and live according to them. For sinful mankind this implies repentance unto salvation (or restoration). "And Jesus answering said unto them, Suppose ye that these Galilaeans were sinners above all the Galilaeans, because they suffered such things? I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and slew them, think ye that they were sinners above all men that dwell in Jerusalem? I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish." (Luke 13:2-5) The Mosaic law was read or proclaimed in Joshua 8:33-35; 2 Kings 23:2; 2 Chronicles 34:30; Nehemiah 8:2-3, 8, 18; 13:1.
"For the word of the Lord is right; and all his works are done in truth." (Psa 33:4); "O send out thy light and thy truth: let them lead me; let them bring me unto thy holy hill, and to thy tabernacles." (Psa 43:3); "Thy word is true from the beginning: and every one of thy righteous judgments endureth for ever." (Psa 119:160); "I will worship toward thy holy temple, and praise thy name for thy lovingkindness and for thy truth: for thou hast magnified thy word above all thy name." (Psa 138:2); —|— "Now after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into Galilee, preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God, And saying, The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and believe the gospel." (Mark 1:14-15); "For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him." (Matt 21:32); "Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come." (John 16:13); "Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth." (John 17:17); "Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence of the Lord." (Acts 3:19); "And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent." (Acts 17:30); "Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ." (Acts 20:21); "But shewed first unto them of Damascus, and at Jerusalem, and throughout all the coasts of Judaea, and then to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works meet for repentance." (Acts 26:20); "For this cause also thank we God without ceasing, because, when ye received the word of God which ye heard of us, ye received it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which effectually worketh also in you that believe." (1 Thes 2:13); "Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures." (James 1:18)
A. "There shall not an hand touch it, but he shall surely be stoned, or shot through; whether it be beast or man, it shall not live: when the trumpet soundeth long, they shall come up to the mount. ... And it came to pass on the third day in the morning, that there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud; so that all the people that was in the camp trembled." (Exo 19:13, 16); "And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off. And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with us, and we will hear: but let not God speak with us, lest we die. And Moses said unto the people, Fear not: for God is come to prove you, and that his fear may be before your faces, that ye sin not." (Exo 20:18-20); "And the sound of a trumpet, and the voice of words; which voice they that heard intreated that the word should not be spoken to them any more." (Heb 12:19) The New Moon feasts, which required the blowing of trumpets, also implied a periodic calling to live in the covenant, i.e. live in truth. —|— "John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins." (Mark 1:4); "When John had first preached before his coming the baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel." (Acts 13:24); "Then said Paul, John verily baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying unto the people, that they should believe on him which should come after him, that is, on Christ Jesus." (Acts 19:4); "As he spake these words, many believed on him. Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed; And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." (John 8:30-32); "For I have given unto them the words which thou gavest me; and they have received them, and have known surely that I came out from thee, and they have believed that thou didst send me." (John 17:8); "In whom ye also trusted, after that ye heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation: in whom also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise, Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory." (Eph 1:13-14)
B. "Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, an holy convocation. Ye shall do no servile work therein: but ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord." (Lev 23:24-25); "Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days, and in the beginnings of your months, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings; that they may be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the Lord your God." (Num 10:10) This verse connects the blowing of trumpets with the burnt and peace offerings—both of which point to gratitude for a relationship with God. —|— "Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ." (Rom 5:1); "For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death. For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." (Rom 8:2-4)
C. But the Feast of Trumpets was one New Moon out of the year set aside to be special, to mark the beginning of a 10 day self-examination period (Days of Awe) of prayer and repentance for Israel ending on the Day of Atonement. This was intended to point them to the need for an "eternal sacrifice" for sin, not just an annual, ineffective animal sacrifice. "Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire; mine ears hast thou opened: burnt offering and sin offering hast thou not required. Then said I, Lo, I come: in the volume of the book it is written of me, I delight to do thy will, O my God: yea, thy law is within my heart." (Psa 40:6-8) —|— The time between the Feast of Pentecost and the Feast of Trumpets may represent the Church Age, since the trumpet call initiates the rapture of the Church in 1 Corinthians 15:51-53, "Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality." "For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first." (1 Thes 4:16); "And the seven angels which had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound." (Rev 8:6); "But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound, the mystery of God should be finished, as he hath declared to his servants the prophets." (Rev 10:7)
Isaiah 41:26 testified, "Who hath declared from the beginning, that we may know? and beforetime, that we may say, He is righteous? yea, there is none that sheweth, yea, there is none that declareth, yea, there is none that heareth your words." "But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness." (Rom 9:31) But to those who trust in the salvation of the Lord on His terms there is eternal life. (John 3:14-18; 4:14; 5:40; 6:27, 33-38, 44, 51; 10:28; 17:2) "Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved." (Acts 4:12) "And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem." (Luke 24:47) "Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ." (Rom 5:1) "Seeing then that we have a great high priest, that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast our profession. For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin. Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need." (Heb 4:12-16) [See: Feast of: New Moon; *Baptism-John's; Boaz; Brasen Serpent; Bullock; Lamb; Trumpet; Veil of the Tabernacle]
6) Feast of Atonement: [(Yom Kippur) - Tishri 10] The Day of Atonement emphasized the recognition of sin and the need for an "eternal sacrifice" (Heb 10:10) to cleanse them from their sins (Lev 16:34; chpt 16; Lev 17:11). It was a day of confession and the highest of Israel's holy days. "Also on the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord. And ye shall do no work in that same day: for it is a day of atonement, to make an atonement for you before the Lord your God. For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from among his people. And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any work in that same day, the same soul will I destroy from among his people." (Lev 23:27-30) —|— This day of atonement pointed to Christ Jesus. "Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire; mine ears hast thou opened: burnt offering and sin offering hast thou not required. Then said I, Lo, I come: in the volume of the book it is written of me, I delight to do thy will, O my God: yea, thy law is within my heart." (Psa 40:6-8); "Will the Lord be pleased with thousands of rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? shall I give my firstborn for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?" (Micah 6:7); "And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement." (Rom 5:11); "For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus; Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time." (1 Tim 2:5-6); "For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his own blood, suffered without the gate. Let us go forth therefore unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach." (Heb 13:11-13) [See: Feast of: Trumpets; Bullock; Lamb; Veil of the Tabernacle]
7) Feast of Tabernacles (Booths): [(Sukkot) - Tishri 15-22] This feast commemorates Israel's sojourn in the wilderness before crossing the Jordan and speaks of our present sojourn waiting for Christ's kingdom. "Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine: And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates. Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the Lord thy God in the place which the Lord shall choose: because the Lord thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice. Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the Lord thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the Lord empty." (Deut 16:13-16); "Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before the Lord God." (Exo 23:17) "Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine: And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates. Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the Lord thy God in the place which the Lord shall choose: because the Lord thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice." (Deut 16:13-15)
A. "Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, The fifteenth day of this seventh month shall be the feast of tabernacles for seven days unto the Lord. On the first day shall be an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. Seven days ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord: on the eighth day shall be an holy convocation; and ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord: it is a solemn assembly; and ye shall do no servile work therein. These are the feasts of the Lord, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, to offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord, a burnt offering, and a meat offering, a sacrifice, and drink offerings, every thing upon his day: Beside the sabbaths of the Lord, and beside your gifts, and beside all your vows, and beside all your freewill offerings, which ye give unto the Lord. Also in the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have gathered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep a feast unto the Lord seven days: on the first day shall be a sabbath, and on the eighth day shall be a sabbath. And ye shall take you on the first day the boughs of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and the boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and ye shall rejoice before the Lord your God seven days. ... Ye shall dwell in booths seven days; all that are Israelites born shall dwell in booths: That your generations may know that I made the children of Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them out of the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God." (Lev 23:34-40, 42-43); (Neh 8:14-17); "If iniquity be in thine hand, put it far away, and let not wickedness dwell in thy tabernacles." (Job 11:14); "And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to year to worship the King, the Lord of hosts, and to keep the feast of tabernacles." (Zech 14:16) —|— The tabernacles for each household point to God's provision for man in the world to come in the Kingdom Age as promised. "But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid: for the mouth of the Lord of hosts hath spoken it." (Micah 4:4); "In that day, saith the Lord of hosts, shall ye call every man his neighbour under the vine and under the fig tree." (Zech 3:10); "Therefore fear thou not, O my servant Jacob, saith the Lord; neither be dismayed, O Israel: for, lo, I will save thee from afar, and thy seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and shall be in rest, and be quiet, and none shall make him afraid." (Jer 30:10); (Jer 46:27; Zech 3:13); "And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people." (2 Cor 6:16) Christ Jesus will establish His Tabernacle in Jerusalem (Eze 37:26) where the world will come each year to appear before the King and worship Him (Zech 14:16-17).
B. This reminds us that we are temporary sojourners on this earth and we will lay aside this earthly tabernacle. "And the children of Israel took their journey ... " (Exo 16:1; 17:1; Num 10:12; 21:11; etc.); "And when the cloud was taken up from over the tabernacle, the children of Israel went onward in all their journeys." (Exo 40:36, 38); "These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron." (Num 33:1-49) —|— "In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; In weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness." (2 Cor 11:26-27); "Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God" (Eph 2:19); "Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul." (1 Pet 2:11); "For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. (2 Cor 5:1); "Yea, I think it meet, as long as I am in this tabernacle, to stir you up by putting you in remembrance; Knowing that shortly I must put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath shewed me." (2 Pet 1:13-14); (cf. Hebrews 11:9-13)
After the seven days of the feast, the eighth day was commanded to be celebrated as a sabbath. (Lev 23:39; Neh 8:18) —|— "And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God." (Rev 21:3)
Why should there be a holy convocation or sabbath on exactly the fifteenth day of the month (Lev 23:6, 34, 39; Num 28:17, 29:12)? The new moon (i.e. no moon visible on a clear night) started on the first of the month. By the fifteenth the moon was full and brightly reflecting the light of the sun (i.e. pointing to "the Son of righteousness", Mal 4:2; Isa 32:1; 60:19-20; John 1:4-7; 3:20; 8:12; 9:5; 11:9; 12:35-36; 2 Cor 4:4-6; 1 Jn 1:7; Rev 21:23-24). The moon light allowed for the night time journey out of Egypt (Num 33:3) proceeding from the darkness of Egypt into the light of God's word (Exo 3:12; 13:21; 14:20; 18:1, 8-10; Psa 78:14; Neh 9:12, 19; 2 Cor 4:4-6; 1 Thes 5:5; 2 Pet 1:19). [See: Manna; Tabernacle]
Monthly Feast:
8) Feast of New Moon: The New Moon feasts pointed to the renewal of the Mosiac Law Covenant. [Leviticus chpt 23] The New Moon feasts required the blowing of trumpets and implied "a calling" to live in harmony with the covenant (the Mosaic or Law Covenant), which ultimately pointed to the need for a better Mediator/Savior and a New Covenant. [See: Rosh Chodesh—Head of the Month]
A. The New Moon feast suggested a recommitment to the duties, obligations and requirements of the Law covenant that gave Israel a relationship with God. It was a sabbath day of breaking of bread together and renewal of fellowship. These verses describe the New Moon feast: "Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days, and in the beginnings of your months, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings; that they may be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the Lord your God." (Num 10:10); "This is the burnt offering of every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the Lord; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs of the first year without spot; And three tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram; And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the Lord." (Num 28:10-13); "And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even. ... Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty. ... So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat." (1 Sam 20:5, 18, 24); "Blow up the trumpet in the new moon, in the time appointed, on our solemn feast day." (Psa 81:3); "And to offer all burnt sacrifices unto the Lord in the sabbaths, in the new moons, and on the set feasts, by number, according to the order commanded unto them, continually before the Lord." (1 Chr 23:31); "Behold, I build an house to the name of the Lord my God, to dedicate it to him, and to burn before him sweet incense, and for the continual shewbread, and for the burnt offerings morning and evening, on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn feasts of the Lord our God. This is an ordinance for ever to Israel." (2 Chr 2:4); "Even after a certain rate every day, offering according to the commandment of Moses, on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn feasts, three times in the year, even in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles." (2 Chr 8:13); "And afterward offered the continual burnt offering, both of the new moons, and of all the set feasts of the Lord that were consecrated, and of every one that willingly offered a freewill offering unto the Lord." (Ezra 3:5); "Likewise the people of the land shall worship at the door of this gate before the Lord in the sabbaths and in the new moons. ... And in the day of the new moon it shall be a young bullock without blemish, and six lambs, and a ram: they shall be without blemish." (Eze 46:3, 6); "And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me, saith the Lord." (Isa 66:23); (Num 10:10, 28:11; 1 Chr 23:26-32, 2 Chr 8:13; 31:3; Ezra 3:5, Neh 10:33; Eze 45:17; 46:1-3, 6; etc.) —|— "Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days: Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ." (Col 2:16-17); "Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law." (Rom 13:10); "Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ." (Gal 6:2); "For this is the message that ye heard from the beginning, that we should love one another." (1 John 3:11)
B. The monthly renewal of the moon (Mosaic or Law Covenant) pointed to the promised renewal and restoration that will come through the New Covenant. "And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me, saith the Lord." (Isa 66:23); "Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the Lord: But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the Lord, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people. And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more." (Jer 31:31-34); "And I will give them one heart, and I will put a new spirit within you; and I will take the stony heart out of their flesh, and will give them an heart of flesh." (Eze 11:19); "A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you: and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you an heart of flesh." (Eze 36:26) —|— "For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many." (Mark 10:45); "But now we are delivered from the law, that being dead wherein we were held; that we should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter." (Rom 7:6); "Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life." (2 Cor 3:6); "For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah: ... In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. Now that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away." (Heb 8:8, 13); "And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel." (Heb 12:24)
[See: Num 28:11-15; Feast of: Trumpets; Hagar; Horns; Ishmael; Jordan River; Joshua (the High Priest); Lamb; Law Covenant; Messenger of the Covenant; Moses; Passover (original); Sarah; *Trumpet]